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contributions:big-data [2020/08/25 16:04]
Sophia Bickhardt created 		contributions:big-data [2020/09/01 13:00] (current)
Sophia Bickhardt
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 {{:big_data.png}} {{:big_data.png}}
  
-In addition to those already mentioned, the analysis of large amounts of data obtained is used in many other fields: Crime prevention, analysis of web statistics, investigation of weather data, risk assessment and classification of insurance contributions (health, car and other insurance companies), in medicine, fraud detection, precision agriculture, investigations into the development of earthquakes and epidemics, population migration, traffic congestion, marketing and influencing purchasing behaviour, the evaluation of movement profiles and much more. Data analyses have also been used in **politics** and the **steering of political opinions**. The company Cambridge Analytica has become well-known. It had the reputation of having created several million personality profiles of Facebook users, which offered information for targeted election advertising (in the US presidential election campaign in 2016, in the referendum on Brexit 2016). However, the accuracy of the analyses was highly doubtful.1+In addition to those already mentioned, **the analysis** of large amounts of data obtained is used in many other fields: Crime prevention, analysis of web statistics, investigation of weather data, risk assessment and classification of insurance contributions (health, car and other insurance companies), in medicine, fraud detection, precision agriculture, investigations into the development of earthquakes and epidemics, population migration, traffic congestion, marketing and influencing purchasing behaviour, the evaluation of movement profiles and much more. Data analyses have also been used in **politics** and the **steering of political opinions**. The company Cambridge Analytica has become well-known. It had the reputation of having created several million personality profiles of Facebook users, which offered information for targeted election advertising (in the US presidential election campaign in 2016, in the referendum on Brexit 2016). However, the accuracy of the analyses was highly doubtful.((Tusch, 2017.))
  
 =====Big Data – Big Market===== =====Big Data – Big Market=====
  
-Data are considered the fuel of the 21st century – as the central raw material for economic growth. Companies are focusing on using big-data technologies such as in-memory data management, analytics, artificial intelligence and machine learning to optimise business processes, gain competitive advantages over others, create new business models and new markets, for example with a view to combating climate change: "Climate needs data and lots of it.”2 As it ist not easy to imagine the data volume, not only big, but also vast data or data lakes are spoken of.3+Data are considered the fuel of the 21st century – as the central raw material for economic growth. Companies are focusing on using big-data technologies such as in-memory data management, analytics, artificial intelligence and machine learning to optimise business processes, gain competitive advantages over others, create new business models and new markets, for example with a view to combating climate change: "Climate needs data and lots of it.”((Elliot et al., 2017.)) As it ist not easy to imagine the data volume, not only big, but also vast data or data lakes are spoken of.((Elliot et al., 2017))
  
 Challenges from a company's point of view are described as "data chaos", the pressure for speed and time advantages and the error-proneness of data analyses. Challenges from a company's point of view are described as "data chaos", the pressure for speed and time advantages and the error-proneness of data analyses.
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 The reason given for data preservation is that it enables crimes to be prevented or better prosecuted. The benefit is nevertheless considered to be minimal: Attacks could not be prevented. Critics also see this not only as a violation of the right to informational self-determination, but also as the danger of extending behavioral records to all areas of life, in principle every piece of information could be relevant once for the prevention or prosecution of crimes. The reason given for data preservation is that it enables crimes to be prevented or better prosecuted. The benefit is nevertheless considered to be minimal: Attacks could not be prevented. Critics also see this not only as a violation of the right to informational self-determination, but also as the danger of extending behavioral records to all areas of life, in principle every piece of information could be relevant once for the prevention or prosecution of crimes.
  
-But it is not just the **spying of data** by companies and government agencies. Another challenge for the right of personality is the fact that those affected are not sufficiently informed, give their consent to the use of data without much guile or are not aware of the processing of their personality and movement profiles, which may be viewed critically. The aforementioned susceptibility to error must also be taken into account: "Linking information that are in themselves unproblematic can lead to problematic findings, so that you suddenly belong to the circle of suspects, and statistics can make you appear to be unworthy of credit and risky because you live in the wrong part of town, use certain means of transport and read certain books.”4+But it is not just the **spying of data** by companies and government agencies. Another challenge for the right of personality is the fact that those affected are not sufficiently informed, give their consent to the use of data without much guile or are not aware of the processing of their personality and movement profiles, which may be viewed critically. The aforementioned susceptibility to error must also be taken into account: "Linking information that are in themselves unproblematic can lead to problematic findings, so that you suddenly belong to the circle of suspects, and statistics can make you appear to be unworthy of credit and risky because you live in the wrong part of town, use certain means of transport and read certain books.”((Bendel.))
  
 Protection against "big brother" is therefore seen in the anonymisation of data, for example through proxy servers or the Tor network. But even these strategies are doubted, because even such data can be decoded again. One way out would be effective data protection as well as the highest possible transparency and broad social, democratic control of data flows. Protection against "big brother" is therefore seen in the anonymisation of data, for example through proxy servers or the Tor network. But even these strategies are doubted, because even such data can be decoded again. One way out would be effective data protection as well as the highest possible transparency and broad social, democratic control of data flows.
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 Democracy has the **limitation of power** by countervailing power, the so-called balance of power, as its precondition. Applied to Big data, this means that the collection, processing and use of data by companies and states alike requires democratic, public control by the whole society. Individual netiquette, so to speak as "rules of conduct" for companies and consumers, is one thing. Laws, data protection rules and their enforcement are the other. Digitalisation is political. If it is to be fruitful and productive in an environment of peace and social progress, this technological change is depending on the rule of law, transparency and a critical civil society, even under changed circumstances. In addition, the transformation processes that go hand in hand with digitalisation once again claim for 'matured' citizens. What is meant by this? Democracy has the **limitation of power** by countervailing power, the so-called balance of power, as its precondition. Applied to Big data, this means that the collection, processing and use of data by companies and states alike requires democratic, public control by the whole society. Individual netiquette, so to speak as "rules of conduct" for companies and consumers, is one thing. Laws, data protection rules and their enforcement are the other. Digitalisation is political. If it is to be fruitful and productive in an environment of peace and social progress, this technological change is depending on the rule of law, transparency and a critical civil society, even under changed circumstances. In addition, the transformation processes that go hand in hand with digitalisation once again claim for 'matured' citizens. What is meant by this?
  
-Among many other aspects, it is important to systematically reflect on the **"current structural change of the public sphere"**. Under these conditions, not only certain contents are relevant if citizens want to navigate in the thicket of information, gain orientation and arrive at a reflected own opinion. It is just as important to understand the **"structures of the production of truth"** - and to what extent these are the ones that generate certain contents and others not.+Among many other aspects, it is important to systematically reflect on the **"current structural change of the public sphere"**. Under these conditions, not only **certain contents** are relevant if citizens want to navigate in the thicket of information, gain orientation and arrive at a reflected own opinion. It is just as important to understand the **"structures of the production of truth"** - and to what extent these are the ones that generate certain contents and others not.
  
 This differentiation may also raise awareness of another moment: the problem of **"filter interpretations"**. It can be observed, for example, that in the context of certain major political events, a particular "wording" quickly gains influence. As a kind of interpretation aid, so to speak, which, however, is often accompanied by an interpretation. This may offer the citizen some orientation. However, quick discursive definitions can also exclude other perspectives and promote the distinction between social milieus instead of initiating an open dialogue, a frank controversy on ideas, by which citizens struggle for truth and democratic values. This differentiation may also raise awareness of another moment: the problem of **"filter interpretations"**. It can be observed, for example, that in the context of certain major political events, a particular "wording" quickly gains influence. As a kind of interpretation aid, so to speak, which, however, is often accompanied by an interpretation. This may offer the citizen some orientation. However, quick discursive definitions can also exclude other perspectives and promote the distinction between social milieus instead of initiating an open dialogue, a frank controversy on ideas, by which citizens struggle for truth and democratic values.
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 If big data and 'big democracy' are not to be mutually exclusive, a critical basic digital literacy of citizens is essential. It does not only include competent use of various media and adaptation to changing technical circumstances. The analytical horizon also needs to be extended by taking the political strategy into consideration according to which digitalisation and the handling of big data are put in practise. Which political and economic structures emerge from it as a result? Should they be more liberal, social democratic, 'green', conservative or Marxist? What political direction should be given to the processes of digitalisation and the handling of big data? Why and for what purpose should digitalisation and big data be further developed? What are the limits, what are the dangers and possibilities of using digital technologies? How can the protection of human rights and freedoms be ensured in times of digital change? How can it be prevented that one day Google, Facebook and other corporates will no longer transfer their data to secret services in order to prevent terrorism, but to take action against those who think differently, the so-called dissidents? Digital literacy means also fostering a public and political debate on these questions. In an open, and often analog, discourse, may then emerge what is indispensable for peace and cohesion of a society: **trust**. If big data and 'big democracy' are not to be mutually exclusive, a critical basic digital literacy of citizens is essential. It does not only include competent use of various media and adaptation to changing technical circumstances. The analytical horizon also needs to be extended by taking the political strategy into consideration according to which digitalisation and the handling of big data are put in practise. Which political and economic structures emerge from it as a result? Should they be more liberal, social democratic, 'green', conservative or Marxist? What political direction should be given to the processes of digitalisation and the handling of big data? Why and for what purpose should digitalisation and big data be further developed? What are the limits, what are the dangers and possibilities of using digital technologies? How can the protection of human rights and freedoms be ensured in times of digital change? How can it be prevented that one day Google, Facebook and other corporates will no longer transfer their data to secret services in order to prevent terrorism, but to take action against those who think differently, the so-called dissidents? Digital literacy means also fostering a public and political debate on these questions. In an open, and often analog, discourse, may then emerge what is indispensable for peace and cohesion of a society: **trust**.
  
-=====Footnotes===== 
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-1 Tusch, 2017 
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-2 Elliot et al., 2017 
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-3 Elliot et al., 2017 
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-4 Bendel 
  
 =====References===== =====References=====
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 Luber, Stefan / Litzel, Nico, Was ist Big Data Analytics? 01.09.2016, https://www.bigdata-insider.de/was-ist-big-data-analytics-a-575678 (retrieved 30/01/2020) Luber, Stefan / Litzel, Nico, Was ist Big Data Analytics? 01.09.2016, https://www.bigdata-insider.de/was-ist-big-data-analytics-a-575678 (retrieved 30/01/2020)
  
-Manhart, Klaus, Doppeltes Datenvolumen alle zwei Jahre, 12.07.2011, +Manhart, Klaus, Doppeltes Datenvolumen alle zwei Jahre, 12.07.2011, https://archive.fo/20131202232836/http://www.cio.de/dynamicit/bestpractice/2281581/index.html (retrieved 30/01/2020)
- +
-https://archive.fo/20131202232836/http://www.cio.de/dynamicit/bestpractice/2281581/index.html (retrieved 30/01/2020)+
  
 NetVersity, What is Big Data? (2019), 07.07.2014, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tkOwlXUaGMM NetVersity, What is Big Data? (2019), 07.07.2014, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tkOwlXUaGMM
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 Safar, Milad, Einfach erklärt: Was ist Big Data? Was bedeutet Big Data eigentlich und was sind die Vorteile von Big Data-Technologien?, https://weissenberg-solutions.de/einfach-erklaert-was-ist-big-data, (retrieved 30/01/2020) Safar, Milad, Einfach erklärt: Was ist Big Data? Was bedeutet Big Data eigentlich und was sind die Vorteile von Big Data-Technologien?, https://weissenberg-solutions.de/einfach-erklaert-was-ist-big-data, (retrieved 30/01/2020)
  
-Tusch, Robert, New York Times: Einfluss von Cambridge Analytica auf US-Wahlen viel kleiner als gedacht, 07.03.2017, +Tusch, Robert, New York Times: Einfluss von Cambridge Analytica auf US-Wahlen viel kleiner als gedacht, 07.03.2017, https://meedia.de/2017/03/07/new-york-times-einfluss-von-cambridge-analytica-auf-us-wahlen-viel-kleiner-als-gedacht (retrieved 30/01/2020)
- +
-https://meedia.de/2017/03/07/new-york-times-einfluss-von-cambridge-analytica-auf-us-wahlen-viel-kleiner-als-gedacht (retrieved 30/01/2020)+
  
 Vorratsdatenspeicherung, https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vorratsdatenspeicherung (retrieved 30/01/2020) Vorratsdatenspeicherung, https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vorratsdatenspeicherung (retrieved 30/01/2020)
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 By Myworkforwiki - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=29452425, 2013 By Myworkforwiki - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=29452425, 2013
 +\\ 
 +
 +=====Didactic part===== 
 +
 +Find here inspirations and instructions for exercises to be applied in adult education. They were tested during common workshops. {{ :contributions:didactic_inspirations_big_data_smartphone_smart_city.pdf |}}
 +
 +
  
 **Author**: Sophia Bickhardt, weltgewandt e.V. **Author**: Sophia Bickhardt, weltgewandt e.V.
  
-This text is published under the terms of the Creative Commons License: by-nc-nd/3.0/ The name of the author(s) shall be as follows: by-nc-nd/3.0/ Author(s): Sophia Bickhardt weltgewandt e.V., funding source: Erasmus+ Programme for Adult Education of the European Union. The text and materials may be reproduced, distributed and made publicly available for non-commercial purposes. However, they may not be edited, modified or altered in any way. 
  
-The European Commission's support for the production of this publication does not constitute an endorsement of the contents, which reflect the views only of the authors, and the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein.+ 
  
contributions/big-data.1598364273.txt.gz · Last modified: 2020/08/25 16:04 by Sophia Bickhardt

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